長(zhǎng)沙導(dǎo)游詞3篇

　　The Exhibition of Inscribed Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha

　　Ladies and gentlemen,

　　Welcome to Changsha museum. We’ll be here to visit “The Exhibition of Inscribed Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha and The Years of Unearthed Most Valuable Cultural Relics”. I hope my explanation can satisfy you!

　　Now, we are in the first exhibition hall. Here, it adopts panoramic technique, and restores the site of unearthing Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom. In 1996, during July to November, in the southeast of Wu Yi square, team up with Ping He Tang Department. The exhumations were carried on by Changsha relics work teams. They unearth 61 archaic wells during the Warring States period and the Ming and Qing Dynasty, and found out 3000 kinds of relics, like copper, iron bamboo, wood, ceramics, and so on. To people’s astonishment, in the No.22 archaic well, they found lots of bamboo tablets and wooden slips. After confirming, they are the relics of Sun Wu in Three kingdoms 1700 years ago. These patches of relics would replenish the lacked historical materials of three kingdoms exactly. Our country once had four discoveries: The oracle bone inscription of Yin, bamboo tablets and wooden slips of Tunxu in northwest China, Cultural books of Dunhuang stone room, Files of Qing cabinet. Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha can be mentioned in the same breath with the four discoveries, and become the searching subject of international academia.

　　Everybody! Please look at the cross section reconstruction of the NO.22 archaic well. Its upper part of opening was damaged when it was excavating. This is an irregular circular shape vertical shaft; the bottom has a bag form likely. The opening of the well has a length 3.5 m from south to north, 3.1 m from east to west, and 5.6 m in depth. The opening is covered with pure red brown color clay, 1.5 m deeper of which is the bamboo tablets and wooden slips layer. The bamboo tablets and wooden slips layer is 50 cm thick in center and 20 cm thin on all sides, piled up with slope form. The ropes tied the bamboo tablets and wooden slips have become rotten, but we can see they were buried by bundles at that time. There are more than 10,000 pieces of bamboo tablets and wooden slips by the initial statistics. The second layer is the gray brown clay layer of 3.1 m thick, among them mix up with lots of bamboo wood scrapes, grass scrapes, leaves, fragmentary bricks, pottery and porcelain and so on. At the bottom of the well is another small well, which has square wooden frame. The four corners are nailed by a stick of spile inlayed with two wooden boards as the well wall. The circle of the well is 93 cm long, 58 cm tall. The function of this small well is probably for gathering the groundwater from all sides of the well, and then put forward to pour out with water pitcher and other tools in order to maintain the well space dry. This is the living photo taken by the time of excavating.

　　Analyzing the structure and relics of the well NO.22, it is an ancient well for storing food. The climate of Changsha is so hot, wet and rainy that the food is easy to be rot, but the circumstance under the ground of 10 m depth is just like as a modern refrigerator. The archaeological discoveries approved that people had used this storing method from the time of Shang dynasty.

　　You may ask that, why were the bamboo tablets of Wu Kingdom buried in the well? There are two statements. The first one considered that in the period of Three Kingdoms, there were so many wars, the suddenly burst-out war made people bury them here in a hurry. The other considered that to bury them in the well may be a way of dealing with the records in the past.

　　Now please look at the photo. This is the photo of unearthing the No.22 well. We can see that the bamboo tablets and wooden slips were soaked in the mud. Why can they be kept intact for over 1700 years? One of the important reasons is that the ground water level in Changsha was very high, and the bamboo tablets and wooden slips were soaked in the water. Besides, they were buried deeply; they can be sealed up wall. With these, they can be kept intact for over 1700 years.

　　Next, let's visit the second exhibition room. In this room we can get the detailed introduction of the bamboo tablets and wooden slips. Before we visit, I have a question to ask. Do you know whether the words on the bamboo tablets and wooden slips were written or carved on them? With the question, let's look at the photo of the pottery figurine. This pottery figurine was unearthed in a Western Jin tomb in Jinpenling in Changsha in 1950s. On the left of the photo there is a man handing a wooden slip and reading something, the man on the right who were holding a hair pencil in a hand and a wooden slip in the other was writing something. The pottery figurine shows us the condition of ancients writing on the bamboo tablets and wooden slips. Now, we can say, the word on the bamboo tablets and slips were written on them. Did you guess it?

　　To see another set of photos. This is a hair pencil unearthed from one of the tombs of the Warring State at Zuojiagong Mountain of Changsha in 1954. Its shaft is long and small but easy to be broken. On the side of it there is a bamboo pipe used for containing the pen when it is collected and preserved. This is an ink stone with little ink blocks near it. Here also remains a bronze chopping knife which is used for the calligrapher to make inscribed bamboo and wooden slips and correct writing mistakes. This is a set of photos of calligraphy tools discovered in No.168 Tomb in Jinan city of former capital of Chu State. In addition to this, there are 6 pieces of wooden slips without character. This is also the most complete and most typical set of Han Dynasty’s stationery ever seen up to now. Uniting our ancient people calculates the number of the inscribed bamboo tablets and wooden slips are not “slice”, but “jin”. It is recorded in history that the 1st emperor of Qin Dynasty did not have a rest until he finished reading over 120 jin of memorial to throne and inscribed bamboo and wooden slips.

　　Please notice the following brief tablet about information of the inscribed bamboo and wooden slips unearthed from all parts of the nation from this century. Among this, the column in red character is the number of the inscribed bamboo and wooden slips excavated from Changsha this time. The number this time has exceeded the total amount of that unearthed from all parts of the nation these years. Therefore, it is named as “the surprising wonder of the world”and “one of the most important archaeological discoveries of this century.”

　　It is well known that document history in the Three Kingdom Period handed down is very rare.”The Annals of Three Kingdom”by Chenshou in Xijin has 65 volumes, among which there are 30 volumes of Wei Book, 15 volumes of Shu Book, 20 volumes of Wu Book with total of more than 1 million characters. Over the years, the unearthed inscribed bamboo slips and wooden tablets in nationwide archaeology is also rarely seen and only exist tens of pieces in Anhui, Jiangxi and Hubei .But nowadays in Changsha, the total number of the excavation of the inscribed bamboo from Wu State in Three Kingdom Period reaches 10 thousand pieces for just one time and the total wordage reaches more than 3 million if counted with 20 words in each piece. These character materials greatly surpass the total wordage in that of the “Annals of Three Kingdom”, which offers abundant material for the study of social economy, political system, inscribed bamboo and volume system, history and geography and also fill the vacancy of historic works. We can forecast that the discovery of inscribed bamboo slips from Wu State in Changsha will surely influence many aspects of the Chinese historic study and anew examining and verifying the past final conclusion.

　　Well, let us have a look at this map. Though the series archaeological excavation around the “Wuyi square ”by our archaeological workers, we have preliminarily defined the region of the ancient Changsha .It extends northward to “Lao Zhaobi ”, southward to “Pozi Street”, eastward to “Cai’e Road”and westward to “Shanghe Street”which shaped rectangle. And the center of Changsha is today’s “Wuyi Square, which, we can say, hasn’t changed basically nearly 3000years.

　　The unearthed inscribed bamboo slips and wooden tablets for this time, if according to their shape, they can be distributed to big and small inscribed bamboo slips, wooden tablets and so on; if according to their use, they can be distributed to five kinds:

　　The first kind is document. It can be subdivided into two parts. One is the land rent document with 0.5m long, 2.5cm wide and 100 to 200 Chinese characters on. The other is the official document which recorded the distribution and exchanging of money, crops, and goods among different governmental setups. Please look at this smaller slice. It is a classified label. It shows us a monthly report recorded by two officials named Huang Wei and Pan lv in the first year of Jia He period.

　　Second, about judicature, which recorded some detail contents and economic cases, such as the trying, appealing and reexamining? What's on this wooden tablet is an individual case about a Du You. Du You is a kind of government official. He was sentenced to death for his corruptness of salt, but he was not convinced and appealed to a high court. However, the reexamining did not make the judge change. So he had nothing to do but accept.

　　The third kind is directory, somewhat like the household and registered books today. Let's look at this slice. Here the Chinese character “Rong Li”was a name of some place in Changsha. This whole sentence means there is a man named He Qin, 55 years old, lived in Rong Li. His dukedom is Gong Cheng. And here "Suan Yi" means can be counted as one of a taxpayer;" Xing Liang Zu" refers to whose legs had been cut off. The directory served as a registered permanent resident, which put down people's name, age, position and something we can't find in our registered permanent resident---physical condition.

　　The fourth one is calling card. It mainly referred to paying respect, giving gift and administrative affairs, as visiting cards we use today.

　　The last kind is the wooden tablet on account which recorded the managing account of departments belongs to Changsha government.

　　Please look at these historical relics again. This blue and green porcelain in the Three Kingdoms and Tow Jin Dynasties were discovered in ZouMalou ancient well. Look, their glazed colors is sparking and crystal-clear, the decorate are simple and element. The second among them is called "Chichen-Head Potting", the potting is coronal form, guides the neck and proceeded high, and the modeling of it is very beautiful. These potting were very popular in Jin Dynasty. They were used as pitcher and chalice.

　　Everybody has seen many photos, has listened to so much explanation, now we come to see the original of the bamboo slips, wooden tablets or slips for writing.

　　Now, you see in the pyramid shape exhibition cupboard, it is a bamboo slips and wooden tablets or slips original that explored in Zoumalou in the ancient well of the building this time. The bamboo slips and wooden tablets or slips are the material that the ancient remains of our country come down to write. Among them the narrow and long bamboo, the wood chips are called "Jian", the generous wood chips called "Du". You must distinguish one from the other, not wood make are named "Du", what bamboo make named "Jian". Jian has the wooden one, too. Ok, the right side of I there set some inscribed wooden tablets, the middle are heavy inscribed wooden slips. In the left, they are bamboo slips that pressed under the transparent glass. The characters on the bamboo slips and wooden tablets or slips are simple and clear. It's easily can be distinguished. The script is the transition from Lishu to Regular script.

　　These kinds of inscribed wooden slips and inscribed wooden tablets are made in shirt woods. The quality of these trees is pre-pressing. It is intact to keep. The raw materials of inscribed bamboo slips is bamboo whose quality is loose, apt and crooked and out of shape, so it in displaying and need press when exhibiting. The ancients have several procedures to make the bamboo slips. First, they cut the bamboo into bamboo slips, and then burnished them in order to make them smooth, these smooth slips called “Jian”. But people could not write on the wet bamboo slips. Then, they roasted dry the wet bamboo slips. While roasting, there was some water steaming out. The water looked like sweet, so people called those “Sweet Qing”or “Sha Qing”.

　　The “Guo Ling Ding Yang”of Wen Tianxiang said that “Since ancient times, who has no death? Remaining sincere heart to finish ‘Sweet Qing’.

　　Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha has very strong historical value, article value and scientific value, so the provincial leaders, city leaders and related experts decided to set up an exhibition of bamboo tablets and wooden slips.

　　岳麓書(shū)院創(chuàng)辦于北宋開(kāi)寶九年。即公元976年,是中國(guó)宋代著名的四大書(shū)院之一。它經(jīng)歷宋、元、明、清四個(gè)朝代,在清光緒二十九年,即19xx年,改制為湖南高等學(xué)堂。以后多次更名和調(diào)整,于1926年正式定名湖南大學(xué),期間歷時(shí)千年,弦歌不絕,故稱“千年學(xué)府”。

　　門前的對(duì)聯(lián)“千百年楚才導(dǎo)源于此\近世紀(jì)湘學(xué)與日爭(zhēng)光.”是由中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院哲學(xué)研究所研究員、中國(guó)書(shū)法家協(xié)會(huì)副主席虞愚先生撰寫(xiě)。它概括了岳麓書(shū)院在培育人才和發(fā)展學(xué)術(shù)方面的歷史地位和作用。

　　進(jìn)入大門我們可以看到全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位的標(biāo)志。岳麓書(shū)院目前是國(guó)內(nèi)歷史最悠久、保存最完整、規(guī)模最大的一所古代書(shū)院。中國(guó)書(shū)院始于唐朝,當(dāng)時(shí)只是藏書(shū)、讀書(shū)和編書(shū)的地方。北宋時(shí)期,統(tǒng)治者實(shí)行“偃武修文”政策,鼓勵(lì)民間辦學(xué),書(shū)院的教育功能凸現(xiàn)出來(lái),并得以迅速發(fā)展,成為與政府辦的官學(xué),民間辦的私學(xué)并存的一種新的教育制度。當(dāng)時(shí),最著名的書(shū)院有河南商丘的應(yīng)天書(shū)院、河南登封的蒿陽(yáng)書(shū)院、江西廬山的白麓書(shū)院和長(zhǎng)沙的岳麓書(shū)院等四所。但是只有岳麓書(shū)院延續(xù)辦學(xué)千年,發(fā)展成現(xiàn)代的大學(xué)--湖南大學(xué)。所以岳麓書(shū)院可以說(shuō)是中國(guó)教育的縮影。

　　請(qǐng)您繼續(xù)前行,登上前面的古戲臺(tái)。

　　赫曦臺(tái)

　　我們登上的古戲臺(tái),名叫赫曦臺(tái)。“赫曦”出自屈原的《離騷》,“赫”指紅色,“曦”指朝霞,赫曦臺(tái)原是建于岳麓山頂?shù)挠^日臺(tái)。南宋乾道年間,宋代著名的理學(xué)家朱熹應(yīng)岳麓書(shū)院的山長(zhǎng)張拭的邀請(qǐng)來(lái)書(shū)院講學(xué),清晨他們一同上岳麓山頂?shù)桥_(tái)看日出。后來(lái)山頂?shù)暮贞嘏_(tái)荒廢了。清乾隆五十一年,岳麓書(shū)院的山長(zhǎng)羅典在書(shū)院前面建了這座臺(tái)。道光元年,山長(zhǎng)歐陽(yáng)厚均將此臺(tái)改名為“赫曦臺(tái)”,以記念朱熹和張拭。

　　赫曦臺(tái)石砌臺(tái)基,居高開(kāi)闊。在臺(tái)上的左右內(nèi)壁上有高約兩米的“福”、“壽”二,說(shuō)到“福壽”二,還有一個(gè)故事。

　　傳說(shuō)嘉慶十二年鄉(xiāng)試以后,州縣長(zhǎng)官在書(shū)院宴請(qǐng)中舉的舉人。此時(shí)來(lái)了一位腳蹬草鞋的老道人,眾人見(jiàn)來(lái)客是個(gè)無(wú)名老道,便戲謔地叫他寫(xiě)個(gè)看看。道人見(jiàn)狀,一手拈須,一手提起堂前的掃把,沾上黃泥,寫(xiě)下一個(gè)丈余高的“壽”,揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)而去,眾人目瞪口呆。在看那,健筆如龍，力透骨肌,方知遇到仙人。其后山長(zhǎng)羅典為彌過(guò)失,也為了對(duì)稱,補(bǔ)書(shū)了一“福”。但這福的筆力就大不如“壽”。除去故事的傳奇色彩,福壽也是中國(guó)老百姓的一種期盼。你看赫曦臺(tái)頂部雕飾的八掛圖,還有壽、蝙蝠圖案,也是象征“福”、“壽”的意思。赫曦臺(tái)上的屏風(fēng)正面是岳麓書(shū)院總體平面圖.現(xiàn)在我們看到的岳麓書(shū)院面積為兩平方米,建筑面積約7千平方米.書(shū)院分為四個(gè)部分:講堂及兩邊的齋舍是教學(xué)區(qū)/講堂后面御書(shū)樓是藏區(qū);講堂后方，包括文廟和專祠，是祭祀?yún)^(qū);左后方是園林區(qū)。這是古代書(shū)院比較典型的格局。在屏風(fēng)的另一面我們可以看到南宋著名理學(xué)家朱熹、張拭，明代著名理學(xué)家、心學(xué)創(chuàng)始人王守仁以及毛澤東留下的與赫曦臺(tái)有關(guān)的詩(shī)句。說(shuō)明赫曦臺(tái)歷史久遠(yuǎn)，已融入歷代名人的文化活動(dòng)之中。我們站在赫曦臺(tái)往岳麓書(shū)院大門方向看，岳麓書(shū)院是以大門、二門、講堂、御書(shū)樓中軸對(duì)稱，縱深多進(jìn)的院落。齋舍、祭祀專祠等排列于兩旁，層層遞進(jìn)，有一種莊嚴(yán)、神妙、幽遠(yuǎn)的縱深感;體現(xiàn)了我國(guó)儒家文化尊卑有序、主次鮮明的社會(huì)倫理關(guān)系。

　　請(qǐng)您走下赫曦臺(tái)。回頭看赫曦臺(tái)外側(cè)前后左右兩壁檐上，分別塑有〈張良進(jìn)廈〉、〈老子出關(guān)〉、〈麻姑獻(xiàn)壽〉〈拾玉蜀〉等傳統(tǒng)戲曲故事，造型別致，形態(tài)自如;還有代表傳統(tǒng)說(shuō)中的八仙的蕭、花籃等器物，都是典型的湖南地方戲臺(tái)風(fēng)格。赫曦臺(tái)上還有一幅對(duì)聯(lián)：“合安利勉而為學(xué)，通天地人之謂才”。上聯(lián)中的“安”，指安然自得;“利”指利益;“勉”強(qiáng)。意思是說(shuō)，治學(xué)要不論安、利、勉哪種情況，只要鍥而不舍，均能達(dá)到成功的目的;下聯(lián)的意思是說(shuō)，要通曉天、地、人的道理，才能稱得上“才”。也就是說(shuō)要博學(xué)，以致成才。它表達(dá)出古代學(xué)者的人才觀念，是由清代的進(jìn)士，曾任湖南布政使的左捕撰寫(xiě)，當(dāng)代書(shū)法家王超塵書(shū)寫(xiě)。

　　大門

　　岳麓書(shū)院歷史經(jīng)歷過(guò)多次兵與火與重建，目前保存的是明清時(shí)期的建筑和基本格局。現(xiàn)在看到的大門是清朝同治七年，即公元1868年重建的。門額“岳麓書(shū)院”四為宋代真宗皇帝的題。北宋大中祥符八年，即公元10XX年，宋代真宗皇帝認(rèn)為岳麓書(shū)院辦學(xué)很不錯(cuò)，山長(zhǎng)周式德行稱著，特別召見(jiàn)周式，白拜國(guó)子監(jiān)主薄，請(qǐng)他留在京城講學(xué)做官。但周式心系岳麓，不想留在京城做官，請(qǐng)求回岳麓書(shū)院。皇帝就賜他經(jīng)書(shū)和“岳麓書(shū)院”御匾，懸掛于大門正十方。岳麓書(shū)院從此名聞天下，前來(lái)求學(xué)者絡(luò)繹不絕。大門兩旁一幅著名的對(duì)聯(lián)“唯楚有才，于斯為盛”。相傳清代嘉慶年間，岳麓書(shū)院進(jìn)行大修，完工以后，門人請(qǐng)山長(zhǎng)袁名撰寫(xiě)對(duì)聯(lián)。袁名出了上聯(lián)“唯楚有才”請(qǐng)學(xué)生應(yīng)對(duì)。大家苦思不得結(jié)果。恰好貢生張中階路過(guò)，他吐口而出;“于斯為盛”，對(duì)的十分巧妙。山長(zhǎng)的上聯(lián)初看似乎簡(jiǎn)單，實(shí)則有難度。上聯(lián)出自〈左傳-襄公二十六年〉：“雖楚有才，晉實(shí)用之”。這就要求下聯(lián)也出自典故。張中階對(duì)的下聯(lián)出自〈論語(yǔ)-泰伯〉：“孔子曰，才難，不其言乎，唐虞之際，于斯為盛。”都出自典故，意義關(guān)切，實(shí)為佳作。對(duì)聯(lián)中“唯”和“于”都是語(yǔ)氣助詞，沒(méi)有有具體意義，意思是說(shuō)，楚國(guó)人才眾多，而在這里尤為興盛。這是前人對(duì)岳麓書(shū)院人才輩出的贊譽(yù)。的確，岳麓書(shū)院當(dāng)時(shí)集中了一批歷史上著名的思想家和教育家，如朱熹、張拭、王陽(yáng)明等;也培養(yǎng)了一大批光彩照人的優(yōu)秀學(xué)生，如哲學(xué)大師王夫之、啟蒙思想家魏源、軍事家左宗棠、外交家郭蒿濤、維新運(yùn)動(dòng)領(lǐng)袖唐才常，以及教育家楊昌濟(jì)等等。說(shuō)人才興盛，實(shí)不為過(guò)。大門前有兩個(gè)大理石的門當(dāng)，據(jù)說(shuō)是宋代的作品。正面雕刻有高浮雕的“三獅戲球”，表示國(guó)泰民安，吉祥喜慶的意思;背面有“錦雞芙蓉”意為“錦上添花”;其它圖案如梅、蘭、竹，荷花、白鷺等都反映了封建文人的世俗欲求和政治抱負(fù)。岳麓書(shū)院是古代文人建筑，它廣泛應(yīng)用寓意深遠(yuǎn)的雕刻、對(duì)聯(lián)、匾額等裝修手法，把人生哲理、傳統(tǒng)美德、儒家教訓(xùn)等與建筑結(jié)合起來(lái)，營(yíng)造一種人文環(huán)境，達(dá)到教育人的目的，這是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)建筑文化的特征之一。大門左右兩墻上也有一副當(dāng)代學(xué)者的對(duì)聯(lián)：“治無(wú)古今，育才是急，莫漫觀四海潮流，千秋講院;學(xué)有因革，通邊為雄，試忖度朱張意氣，毛蔡風(fēng)神。 ”上聯(lián)的意思是說(shuō)，無(wú)論古往今來(lái)，治理國(guó)家，都是把培育人才作為急迫的任務(wù)，切不可忽視世界的歷史潮流和千年學(xué)府的作用。下聯(lián)的意思是說(shuō)，做學(xué)問(wèn)，既有繼承，有要有革新，英雄豪杰就在于能順應(yīng)時(shí)勢(shì)，融會(huì)變通，試想一想，宋代的朱熹、張拭，近代的毛澤東、蔡和森，他們的治學(xué)方法，不是值得后人深思和仿效的嗎?大門前是留影的好地方。照完像后，請(qǐng)繼續(xù)前行。

　　二門

　　進(jìn)入大門以后，我們看到的是二門。它采用五間單檐懸山結(jié)構(gòu)，中間開(kāi)有三張門，花崗石門框;左右為過(guò)道，通南北齋舍。原門建于明代嘉靖元年，抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間曾被日本侵略者飛機(jī)炸毀，這是1984年重建的。二門門額正上方懸有“名山壇席”匾，撰者無(wú)法考證。原匾為清同治七年所制，抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間曾被炸毀，先匾為1984年復(fù)制。二門兩旁有對(duì)聯(lián)“納于大麓;藏之名山”，上聯(lián)出自〈尚書(shū)堯舜典〉，下聯(lián)出自〈史記-太史公自序〉，意為岳麓書(shū)院被浩瀚的林木所掩映，藏在地闊物博的岳麓山中。撰聯(lián)者是清末“湖南高等學(xué)堂”的監(jiān)督程頌萬(wàn)先生。二門過(guò)廳兩邊有清代山長(zhǎng)羅典所撰的聯(lián);“地接衡湘，大澤深山龍虎氣;學(xué)宗鄒魯，禮門義路圣賢心”。上亮點(diǎn)出岳麓書(shū)院的地里位置，山接衡岳，水臨湘江，深山大澤，龍盤虎踞，氣勢(shì)非凡。下聯(lián)描寫(xiě)岳麓書(shū)院繼承孔孟學(xué)說(shuō)，崇尚圣賢之道，是學(xué)習(xí)禮儀的好地方。著幅對(duì)聯(lián)用22個(gè)把岳麓書(shū)院的獨(dú)特而優(yōu)越的地理環(huán)境和源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)的儒學(xué)說(shuō)傳統(tǒng)描寫(xiě)得淋漓盡致，恰倒好處。大門左邊有一塊大型菊花石，這是湖南瀏陽(yáng)特產(chǎn)。花形是依天然石紋加工而成的，如此之大，是實(shí)不多見(jiàn)。進(jìn)入二門后，請(qǐng)回頭看二門背面的碑匾“瀟湘槐市”。原匾為清代學(xué)監(jiān)程頌萬(wàn)所撰書(shū)，抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中被毀。先匾為原全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)副委員長(zhǎng)、民盟中央主席楚圖南補(bǔ)書(shū)。“瀟湘”泛指湖南，“槐市”指漢代長(zhǎng)安城北的一片森林。當(dāng)時(shí)京城的書(shū)生們常聚于此，或議論于槐樹(shù)下。“瀟湘槐市”指岳麓書(shū)院是湖南的“槐市”，文人、學(xué)者經(jīng)常聚集于此。意思是岳麓書(shū)院人才之盛，有如漢代長(zhǎng)安之槐市。繼續(xù)往前，看到的是岳麓書(shū)院的講堂。

　　講堂

　　講堂位于書(shū)院的中心位置，是書(shū)院的教學(xué)重地和舉行重大活動(dòng)的場(chǎng)所。北宋岳麓書(shū)院創(chuàng)建時(shí)，即有“講堂”，明代稱為“成德堂”，后改稱“靜一堂”或稱“忠孝廉節(jié)堂”。講堂檐前掛有“實(shí)事求是”匾。為民國(guó)初期湖南工業(yè)專科學(xué)校校長(zhǎng)賓步走程撰寫(xiě)。“實(shí)事求是”源于《漢書(shū)-河間獻(xiàn)王劉德傳》，校長(zhǎng)將其作為校訓(xùn)，旨在教育學(xué)生崇尚科學(xué)，追求真理。大廳中央懸掛兩塊鎦金木匾：一塊是“道南脈”匾，有乾隆皇帝御賜。這里的“道”是指理學(xué)。戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期思想界是百家爭(zhēng)鳴，漢武帝“廢絀百家，獨(dú)尊儒家”，儒家思想開(kāi)始占統(tǒng)治地位。唐宋時(shí)期，一些儒學(xué)思想家吸取拂、道新的思想，發(fā)展形成儒家新的思想體系。其中以程頤和朱熹為代表的哲學(xué)思想稱為“理學(xué)”。岳麓書(shū)院是朱熹傳播理學(xué)思想的基地之一，所以此匾的意思是說(shuō)岳麓書(shū)院所播傳湖湘學(xué)派是理學(xué)南傳的正宗。它表示了岳麓書(shū)院在中國(guó)理學(xué)傳播史上的地位，是皇帝對(duì)岳麓書(shū)院傳播理學(xué)的最高評(píng)價(jià)。此匾為原物。另一塊是“學(xué)達(dá)性天”匾，由康熙皇帝御賜，意思是人通過(guò)對(duì)理的領(lǐng)悟，可以認(rèn)知天命，達(dá)到天人和一的地步。原匾被毀，這是1983年依康熙跡重刻。講堂屏壁正面書(shū)有《岳麓書(shū)院記》，為南宋乾隆道二年書(shū)院主教、著名理學(xué)家張拭撰，他闡明了岳麓書(shū)院以反對(duì)科舉利祿之學(xué)，培養(yǎng)傳道濟(jì)民的人才為目的的辦學(xué)思想，對(duì)書(shū)院教育具有重大影響。該文由湖南大學(xué)校友、湖南省書(shū)法協(xié)會(huì)主席周昭怡1983年書(shū)寫(xiě)。屏壁背面刻有岳麓山全景圖，臨摹自《南岳志》。講壇上放著兩把椅子是為了紀(jì)念南宋著名理學(xué)家朱熹訪院，與山長(zhǎng)張拭討論《中庸》之義，開(kāi)創(chuàng)了中國(guó)書(shū)院會(huì)講制度之先河。講堂壁上還嵌有許多極有價(jià)值的碑刻文物，如由朱熹手書(shū)、清代山長(zhǎng)歐陽(yáng)厚均刻的“忠孝廉節(jié)”碑;由清代山長(zhǎng)歐陽(yáng)正煥書(shū)、歐陽(yáng)厚均刊立的“整齊嚴(yán)肅”碑;清代山張王文清撰問(wèn)的《岳麓書(shū)院學(xué)規(guī)碑》、《讀書(shū)法》等十?dāng)?shù)方，這些都是中國(guó)書(shū)院教育研究的重要史料。講堂前還有北京大學(xué)哲學(xué)系教授、中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院學(xué)委員馮友蘭先生所書(shū)對(duì)聯(lián)：“唯楚有才，于斯為盛;沅生芷草，澧育蘭花。”此聯(lián)妙在：上聯(lián)兩句原是本書(shū)院大門聯(lián)，下聯(lián)援引《離騷》中的一句話：“沅有芷兮澧有蘭”，略作改動(dòng)為：“沅生芷草，澧育蘭花。”便成了兩個(gè)對(duì)仗句。從全聯(lián)看，上、下兩聯(lián)，各自成對(duì)。在內(nèi)容上也有內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系。為什么 “唯楚有才，于斯為盛”?答案只有一個(gè)，那就是 “沅生芷草，澧育蘭花。”講堂右邊是“今日書(shū)院館”，陳列有黨和國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人視察書(shū)院的照片和題詞，以及岳麓書(shū)院文化研究所的學(xué)術(shù)活動(dòng)。講堂左邊有“文泉書(shū)店”游客可以購(gòu)買到有關(guān)書(shū)院的書(shū)籍和其它著作。請(qǐng)游客自己觀看。看完以后，請(qǐng)穿過(guò)講堂，看到的是御書(shū)樓。

　　御書(shū)樓

　　岳麓書(shū)院創(chuàng)建初期就在講堂后面建有書(shū)樓，后來(lái)宋真宗皇帝賜書(shū)給了岳麓書(shū)院，更名為“御書(shū)閣”。清康熙二十六年，巡撫丁思孔從朝廷請(qǐng)得十三經(jīng)、二十一史等書(shū)籍，始建御書(shū)樓于現(xiàn)址。清代所建的御書(shū)樓不幸毀于抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，今天御書(shū)樓是80年代仿宋代風(fēng)格重建。現(xiàn)在是湖南大學(xué)的古籍圖書(shū)館。前中共中央書(shū)記處書(shū)記鄧力群同志曾將其萬(wàn)余冊(cè)個(gè)人藏書(shū)捐贈(zèng)給岳麓書(shū)院。御書(shū)樓內(nèi)壁有“力群書(shū)屋”，專室保藏。我國(guó)古代藏書(shū)樓很注重防火，樓前多建有水池;房屋之間還建有高高的封火墻。同時(shí)，出于一種信仰，在大樓屋脊的兩端常常塑有兩條昂首的龍。據(jù)說(shuō)這是龍的第九個(gè)兒子，名叫“蚩吻”，好吞火。以次避火災(zāi)。至于檐角的寶劍，則是因?yàn)轵课沁�有一個(gè)愛(ài)好，就是啃木檐，為了防止它的劣行，就用寶劍鎮(zhèn)住它。中國(guó)古代建筑處處浸透著傳統(tǒng)文化色彩。御書(shū)樓兩側(cè)復(fù)廊嵌有《朱熹詩(shī)碑》、《重修岳麓書(shū)院記》等重要碑刻。看完以后，請(qǐng)從御書(shū)樓左側(cè)邊門進(jìn)入的是園林。那里有麓山寺碑、百年軒和書(shū)院八景中的四景。進(jìn)入園林，我們首先看到的是碑廊。

　　碑廊

　　岳麓書(shū)院辦學(xué)千年，留下了大量有價(jià)值的碑刻。碑廊中即嵌立歷代遺碑13方，其中有朱熹手書(shū)的“道中庸”、“極高明”等碑，是書(shū)院的重要遺存;有新制的岳麓書(shū)院文獻(xiàn)史料碑刻27方，這些碑文反映了歷代岳麓書(shū)院的建設(shè)過(guò)程，是研究岳麓書(shū)院發(fā)展歷史的重要文獻(xiàn)，撰文者或者為著名文學(xué)家，或?yàn)闀?shū)院山長(zhǎng)，或?yàn)榈胤焦賳T，或?yàn)橹�名政治家，他們本身在歷史上都有較大的影響，因而這些碑刻具有更為廣泛的社會(huì)價(jià)值、為研究者和旅游者所關(guān)注。碑廊處于書(shū)院園林西面。園林有書(shū)院八景中的“竹林冬翠”、“曲澗鳴泉”、“碧沼觀魚(yú)”和“花墩坐月”四景。您可以慢慢品味和尋找。沿碑廊前行，前面能看到時(shí)務(wù)軒。

　　時(shí)務(wù)軒

　　時(shí)務(wù)軒是為紀(jì)念時(shí)務(wù)學(xué)堂而建的紀(jì)念性建筑。清朝末年，中日甲午戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)失敗后，民族危機(jī)空前加劇。為推動(dòng)湖南新政可，在岳麓書(shū)院山長(zhǎng)王先謙及譚嗣同等人的活動(dòng)下，湖南巡撫陳保緘、學(xué)政江標(biāo)、按察使黃遵憲于光緒二十三年上奏朝廷，設(shè)時(shí)務(wù)學(xué)堂于長(zhǎng)沙小東街，熊希齡為學(xué)堂總理(校長(zhǎng))，梁?jiǎn)⒊瑸橹形目偨塘?xí)，學(xué)堂昌盛一時(shí)。著名學(xué)生有范源濂、蔡鍔、方鼎英、楊樹(shù)達(dá)、唐才中等人。戊戌變法失敗后，湖南巡撫陳保緘等人被革職，時(shí)務(wù)堂被迫停辦，后改為求實(shí)書(shū)院，光緒二十八年改為湖南大學(xué)堂。次年與岳麓書(shū)院所改之湖南高等學(xué)堂合并。軒內(nèi)現(xiàn)嵌有梁?jiǎn)⒊�《時(shí)務(wù)學(xué)堂古址碑，該碑為民國(guó)二十四年梁?jiǎn)⒊�重游時(shí)務(wù)學(xué)堂舊址所書(shū)，另有李肖聘、李況松、陳云章、黃曾莆等人的碑刻。出了時(shí)務(wù)軒，右邊有一座小亭，那是著名的麓山寺所在地。

　　麓山寺碑

　　眼前的這個(gè)小亭內(nèi)藏著我國(guó)書(shū)法史上著名的麓山寺碑。碑文內(nèi)容記錄了麓山寺歷史沿革，是在唐開(kāi)元十八年，由著名文學(xué)家、書(shū)法家、篆刻家李邕撰文、書(shū)丹并雕刻。因其文、書(shū)、刻三者俱佳，故有“三絕碑”之稱。碑側(cè)碑陰有宋帶大書(shū)法家米芾的題刻。麓山寺碑是我國(guó)現(xiàn)存碑刻中影響較大的一塊唐碑，也是長(zhǎng)沙現(xiàn)存時(shí)間最早、價(jià)值最高的碑刻。李邕官至汲郡、北海太守，世稱“李北海”，故麓山寺碑又有北海之稱。《麓山寺碑》也是他行楷書(shū)的代表作品之一，筆致挺拔，氣勢(shì)縱橫。麓山寺碑對(duì)后來(lái)的書(shū)法家影響較大，歷代許多大書(shū)法家都至岳麓山臨習(xí)瞻仰，碑后至今尚留有部分書(shū)法家的手跡。許多書(shū)法家都以見(jiàn)到此碑為榮。因《麓山寺碑》享有盛名，歷代欲取此碑的人甚多，清代嘉慶年間，有達(dá)官遣官前來(lái)拓取，因不得其法，隧使名碑碎裂，留下了千古遺憾。當(dāng)時(shí)長(zhǎng)沙知府沈廷英得知后，親赴現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，和沙灰集其殘片94片，另嵌碑亭內(nèi)壁之上。1950年麓山寺碑被列為省文物保護(hù)單位。

　　離開(kāi)麓山寺碑，前面那座伴水而建的建筑是百泉軒。

　　百泉軒

　　這座伴水而建的建筑叫百泉軒。這是歷代山長(zhǎng)居住的地方。百泉軒始建于北宋之初，地處岳麓山清風(fēng)峽谷口，溪泉薈翠，是岳麓書(shū)院風(fēng)景絕佳之地。歷代山長(zhǎng)愛(ài)溪泉之妙，筑軒而居，享盡自然的天籟之音。元代著名理學(xué)家吳澄作《北泉軒記》，說(shuō)百泉軒前溪泉：“如雪如冰，如練如鶴”。南宋乾道三年，朱熹訪院，與山長(zhǎng)張拭“聚處同游岳麓”，“晝而燕坐，夜而棲宿”，都在、百泉軒中，相傳二人曾在此論學(xué)三晝夜而不息。倚水邊的石欄，觀錦鯉在水中戲游。這是岳麓書(shū)院八景之一：“碧沼觀魚(yú)”。

　　教學(xué)齋

　　您現(xiàn)在來(lái)到了教學(xué)齋。這是古代學(xué)生居住的地方。現(xiàn)存的建筑為1993年書(shū)院改學(xué)堂時(shí)改建。“教學(xué)齋”齋名出自《禮記-學(xué)記》：“玉不琢，不成器;人不學(xué)，不知道。是故，古之王者，建國(guó)居民，教學(xué)為先”。里面設(shè)有讀者服務(wù)部和編鐘古樂(lè)演奏室。您可以進(jìn)去休息以下，購(gòu)買岳麓書(shū)院和湖南的旅游紀(jì)念品，欣賞那前楚國(guó)的古編鐘演奏的民間音樂(lè)。

　　半學(xué)齋

　　現(xiàn)在我們來(lái)到半學(xué)齋。這是古代教師居住的地方。“半學(xué)齋”齋名源出《尚書(shū)-說(shuō)命下》，含有教學(xué)相長(zhǎng)的意思。目前半學(xué)齋設(shè)有岳麓書(shū)院的歷史及人才陳列室。毛澤東同志早年曾和蔡和森寓居半學(xué)齋。現(xiàn)也設(shè)有專門展室以示紀(jì)念。

　　文廟

　　岳麓書(shū)院文廟位于書(shū)院左側(cè)，由照壁、門樓、大成門、大成殿、兩廡、崇圣祠、明倫堂等部分組成，自成院落。自漢武帝“廢黜百家，獨(dú)尊儒家”以來(lái)，教育界開(kāi)始祭祀祠孔子。北宋時(shí)期岳麓書(shū)院曾建禮殿于講堂前，內(nèi)塑孔子及十為哲人像，畫(huà)七十二圣賢圖。南宋乾道元年改禮殿為宣圣殿。明弘治十八年，更名為大成殿。明朝正德二年遷于現(xiàn)在的地址。天啟四年重修，正式稱為文廟，其規(guī)格與各郡縣文廟相當(dāng)。其后屢毀屢興，但建筑格局未變。大成殿是文廟中最主要的建筑。“大成”一詞源于《孟子》，“孔子之謂集大;集大成也者，金聲而玉振之也。”孔子是我國(guó)古代著名的思想家和教育家，也是世界文明史上最偉大的文化巨匠之一。所以用“大成”二來(lái)表示孔子的成就和地位。大成殿采用重桅歇山頂，黃色琉璃瓦，藻井天花，雕龍畫(huà)鳳，屬帝王規(guī)格。殿前有月臺(tái)，供祭孔時(shí)表演禮樂(lè)用，月臺(tái)前有明代的石雕蟠龍，十分莊嚴(yán)。大成門的石階前，有一對(duì)明代石獅，一雄一雌，刻工精細(xì)傳神。雄獅戲球，雌獅懷抱小獅，這對(duì)獅子毫無(wú)兇神惡煞之感，有的只是受教化后的嫵媚恩愛(ài)之態(tài)。大成門外的牌樓為明清建筑，左右各一，南北相望，四柱三層，由花崗石砌成，上有龍雕等飾物。牌樓內(nèi)側(cè)題額分別為“賢關(guān)”、“圣域”，外側(cè)題額分別為“德配天地”、“道冠古金”，均為對(duì)孔子的贊辭。文廟照壁，也稱照墻，是文廟大成門外對(duì)著大門做屏蔽用的墻壁，現(xiàn)存照壁為明清建筑。照壁前的孔子銅像，是1996年香港孔子教學(xué)院湯恩佳先生捐塑。

　　mawangdui is located in the eastern outskirts of changsha, about 4km from downtown changsha,in the preceeding centuries, it was bured here, hence the name "mawangdui"formerly there were two eastern mounds here closely linked together.

　　from 1972 to early 1974, chinese archacological workers unearthed three tombs of the wester han dynasty here and achieved tremendous results that attracted wide attention at home and abroad.they excavated more than 3000 cultural relied and a well-preserved female corpse from the tombs.according to seals unearthed from tomb no2"chancellor to the prince to changsha","seal of the marquis of dai"

　　we know that the mawangdui was burial ground of licang , chancellor to the prince of changsha statte and mqrquis of dai in the early western han dynasty and his family.

　　according to the historical records , licang died in the secong year of the reign of empress lu . the occupants in tomb no3 were believed to be his son. unearthed from the tomb was a wooden tablet with the burial bate, which reads"the first day of the second month in the twelfth year" after careful textual research this was indentified as the twelfth year of reign of the han emperor wen ci . the corpse in tomb no1 is that of licang ' wife, whose personal name , according to an unearthed seal, was xingzhui, a study of conclusion that "tomb no1 dates from about the 6th dacade of the 2nd century b,c

　　a little later than tomb no3 tomb no1 is the best preserved, and most of the relies showed here were excavated from this tomb.

　　now , i will introduce this thing to you one by one:

　　these are figurines 162 wooden figurines were unearthed from tomb no1 and 104 form tomb no3 , they fall into three categories:attendants, musicians and odd-jobservants. no doubt , they represent the numerous servants enslaved by the marquis of dai, which reveal the parasitic life of the family.

　　now , pls look at these instuments, an intact zither with 25 strings, pipes composed of 22 pierced bamboo sticks and a set of pitch pipes were found in tomb no1 , in addition , a zither , a t- stringed harp, pipes and bamboo flutes were excavated from tonb no3 . strinkingly bamboo reads were found inside . the pipes found in tomb no3 , there is a silvery point on each reed, which controls the pitch, this is the material evidence of the earliest reeds , ever used in wind instruments in the world.

　　these are weapons:they wre excavated from tomb no3, there are 38 weapons altogether, including bows a crossbow, arrows , an arrow seabbard, a weapon stand , halberds, spears.etc.compared with the weapon of the warring state period, the bow , the crossbow and arrows were somewhat improved so that arrows

　　could travel futher, along with the garrison map. they help us to get an idea of the military situation in chansha state.

　　we know that china is a very big agricultural state, and long long ago, when people lived in western han period , there had come into being somewhat developed cultivation and animal husbandry. look ,all these things were excavated from the tombs . the agricultural produce includes rice , wheat , barley, soybean, red peas, hemp seeds, vegetable;the animal produce includes deer , oxen, goats , sheep, pigs, bares ,chickens , fishes and even chicken eggs.

　　well. lacquer ware, so beautiful! 184 pieces of lacquer ware were unearthed from tomb no1 and 316 pieces from tomb no3, they includ tripods vases, square vases, boxes , toilet boxes, pitchers, ladles, cups, caved cup - containers, an armreat, a screen, a game tool and a dustpam , most of them r made of a wood base coated in lacquer, and some of a bamboo or hemp base, the designs, either painted in lacquer or pasted or incised with very fine strokes, were done in smooth and graceful.lines with gorgeous color, the exquisitely wrought lacquer wares indicate the highly developed state of lacquer crafts- manship and a side light on the economic situation of the early han dynasty. now, we have seen the areound parts of the first hall, pls follow me to the central past . here you can see the silk fabrics.